Scenic Shadows and Loop-de-loops free essay sample

Comment on an experience that helped you define a value you hold. A peek into mylife and the person Ive become would reveal something between a mountain meadowand roller coaster. The mountain meadow would be my inborn ability to be at easewith whatever comes my way, and the amusement ride my sense of adventure. Butlife hasnt always been full of vistas and fun it took a drastic turn sophomoreyear. Amidst the hormones and homework, it took a girl to change what I thinkabout life and how much I value it. From conception to freshman, I was byno means a Romeo or a Fabio; my personality was closer to a box of Cheerios(minus the beaming child on the front). Quiet and shy, I spent most of my timealone, closed off to others and their friendships. High school broadened myperceptions and I started opening up, but it took a trip to a third-world countryto drive home the importance of having someone who is truly worth investing everyounce of myself into. We will write a custom essay sample on Scenic Shadows and Loop-de-loops or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the spring of sophomore year I went to Mexicowith 14 other teens. Thirty hours in a packed van allows passengers to get toknow each very well. In my case, I was squeezed in the back seat next to Melanie.Long blond hair, beautifully soft features, and a view of the world around herthat excluded negativity, Melanie was not the type to put much thought into howothers think she should act; she let her actions come naturally. She prodded meinto conversation, and for the first time ever, a human of the female persuasionwas talking to me and getting to know me. But as far as I was concerned, myfantasies would remain the stuff that daydreams are made of since she was twogrades ahead of me. When the trip was over we returned to our rival schooldistricts (dont worry, no Shakespearean allusions here). In early summer I heardthat Melanie had been in a car accident. She was in a coma and incredibly luckyto be alive, her car having been broadsided. This was the first timeanything like this had happened to anyone I knew, and I realized how fragile lifereally is. I was overcome by a need to visit her and help her in any way I could.Several phone calls later I learned that she was in the intensive care unit andno one but family could visit. I waited weeks before I could see her, all thetime sitting in the waiting room next to the ICU for hours, thinking. During thenext month all I could do was watch and talk to her with no response, for she wasstill in a coma. In August I went on a two-week backpacking trip andreturned with a teddy bear and high expectations for Melanie. Lo and behold, shespoke, not much at first, but enough to say that she had missed me. In thefollowing months, she slowly recovered. A bond formed between us during thosehours in the hospital room, and listening to her and accompanying her to therapysessions, have been invaluable for me. During the last year I havetransformed from computer geek to seminormal. Melanies friendship was the matchthat lit the tinder. Now I have no trouble being myself in large group or talkingwith strangers. My passion for schoolwork and life itself has in-creased tenfold.I guess Melanie was what it took to get me to hurdle the walls between me and theoutside world.

Death Penalty Essays (255 words) - Capital Punishment, Penology

Death Penalty Essays (255 words) - Capital Punishment, Penology Death Penalty Is the Death Penalty Right or Wrong? Should we be able to execute people that have been convicted of murder or should we give them a chance to break out of jail and maybe kill other people. Well the Death Penalty has been around for a while ever since the Old West use to hang people for punishment. It is not cruel if you use the lethal injection but I could believe being electrocuted would hurt a little. Is the Death Penalty ethical or is it inhumane. Well some people can argue what would happen you sentience some on death row and he was innocent. The people for it will argue that if they killed some one why shouldn't they be killed. The people that are agents the death penalty are worry about what happens is they would execute some one that was innocent. Science 1900 23 innocent people have been executed. That is a lot of people to put to death that haven't done anything wrong to be killed for. A lawyer fee for a death penalty sentience is between 1.5 to 3 million dollars. There for only the rich people could ovoid the death penalty and get life and have a chance to get out of jail. People also say that it is inhuman to do that but what they did you the victim is also inhuman. People are saying that you are doing the same thing as the person did to the victim and it is not morally right.

Articles critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Articles critique - Essay Example The paper uses persuasive arguments, for instance, in noting that the Latin Americans are the predominant group hence the majority. As the dominant group, it can only follow that they get the most out of minerals and natural resources. This also means that policies mineral policies should be in their favor. As such, these mineral policies only serve to destabilize them politically. In this regard, therefore, politics takes central stage. Various political factions are only interested in controlling the mineral market once they get into power. The paper notes that the shift in policies is simply political and not well intended. In any case, politicians have used the issue of equitable mineral distribution to gain favor with the electorate. Noting that the state has no mandate to interfere with mineral distribution unless it is for genuine reasons, the article is perhaps a revelation towards the dirty nature of politics and how the electorate is usually swayed by empty rhetoric, the politicians make. Using relevant facts such as an increasingly emerging Chinese market and the growing political control in mineral extraction policies, the article uses relevant arguments to show that the proponents of mineral policies have no genuine agenda, but just to improve their political relevance and economic base. This paper is without doubt a tip of an iceberg of political undoing and sources of corruption, and inequitable distribution of resources. Minerals are an important commodity to any community and one that must be equitably shared for economic growth of not every member of the community. Latin America has abundant natural resources and hence a huge potential for growth and development, factors that can greatly improve the economy. For a long time, the Latin American economy has been referred to as a political economy, perhaps meaning the heavy political interference and involvement, so much so that

Environmental justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental justice - Essay Example otection Agency of the United States terms environmental justice as the meaningful involvement and fair treatment of all individuals regardless of income, national origin, sex, color, or race with respect to the progression, enactment and application of environmental policies, regulations, and laws. Examples of environmental justice burdens can be air and water pollution, insufficient access to nutritious food, and inadequate transportation, among others (Schlosberg, 7). According to the EUREKALERT!, (1), this burdens all over the world have been documented in an Environmental Justice Atlas by the Environmental Justice Organizations, Liabilities, and Trade (EJOLT) led by the European Union. The aim of the atlas is to convey information from the records of the EJOLT to the public. This will upsurge the understanding of what causes this environmental issues and how material policies and demands from possible hot spots for future issues (Guardian, 1). In North America, biodiversity conservation issues are common affecting the animals, plants, and the rainforests, among others. The misuse of resources causes these issues through human activities hence leading to habitat destruction, ocean acidification, among others. The movement advocating for change in North America is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) (Bickerstaff and Agyeman, 800). In South America, there are water management issues that are caused by many industries, comprising recreation, manufacturing, mining, agriculture, among others. These industries have led to water and air pollution hence decreasing the amount of quality water available. The group fighting for change is the Latin American environmental justice movement (Alazraque, 122). The connection between these two issues is that biodiversity issues bring many effects including issues in water management issues as seen in South America. Environmental justice movements provide statistical facts on how different actions are affecting

Forensic Psychology and Criminal Investigation Essay - 5

Forensic Psychology and Criminal Investigation - Essay Example Researchers such as Harris and Rice are of the perspective that the more conventional talk therapy psychopaths receive, the more they are able to hone their skills of manipulation, deceit (Patrick, 2006). Consequently, the probability of future risk offending accelerates as psychopaths are already more susceptible to violence and offences over a longer span of time than non-psychopaths. A retrospective study carried out in 2011 revealed escalated criminal recidivism after customary psychopathy treatments. Empirical studies have even revealed that treatments suited for other offenders can actually prove detrimental for psychopaths (McMurran, Egan, & Ahmadi, 1998). This point can be understood by considering the fact that psychopaths are categorically dissimilar from other offenders. They have no impairment or wrong that can be fixed by therapy or clinical treatments. Instead, they display an evolutionarily viable life strategy based on manipulation, cheating, callousness, and the like traits. Personality disorders encompass symptoms that tend to be rigid, inflexible, and maladaptive; thus making it nearly impossible to treat a person completely. Harris and Rice emphasize there is hardly any evidence of a complete cure or effectual treatment for psychopaths. This is because no medicine can instil emotions such as empathy, sympathy and the like. In fact, some research even demonstrated that punitive measures and behaviour modification methodologies have no impact on improving the metal state of psychopaths (Patrick, 2006) Likewise, Hervey Cleckley also is of the view that psychopaths neither benefit from the treatment and nor are capable of entering into emotional relations that are a pre-requisite for effective therapy. The clinical literature is equally pessimistic on the subject (Cleckley, 1982). For now, the best available literature advocates that effective management and intervention can come by applying social learning

Trait Theory of Leadership Essay

Trait Theory of Leadership Essay Leadership can be defined as a process by which one individual influences others toward the attainment of group or organizational goals. Three points about the definition of leadership should be emphasized. First, leadership is a social influence process. Leadership cannot exist without a leader and one or more followers. Second, leadership elicits voluntary action on the part of followers. The voluntary nature of compliance separates leadership from other types of influence based on formal authority Studies of leadership styles are diverse in nature and multiple definitions have been offered. However, leadership style can be defined broadly as the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Leadership should be distinguished from management. Management involves planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling, and a manager is someone who performs these functions. A manager has formal authority by virtue of his or her position or office. Leadership, by contrast, primarily deals with influence. A manager may or may not be an effective leader. A leaders ability to influence others may be based on a variety of factors other than his or her formal authority or position. Following is study of the development of leadership studies and theories over time is briefly traced. TASK 1 (a) LEADERSHIP THEORIES Three main theoretical frameworks have dominated leadership research at different points in time. These included the trait approach (1930s and 1940s), the behavioral approach (1940s and 1950s), and the contingency or situational approach (1960s and 1970s). TRAIT THEORIES The scientific study of leadership began with a focus on the traits of effective leaders. The basic premise behind trait theory was that effective leaders are born, not made, thus the name sometimes applied to early versions of this idea, the great man theory. Many leadership studies based on this theoretical framework were conducted in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Leader trait research examined the physical, mental, and social characteristics of individuals. In general, these studies simply looked for significant associations between individual traits and measures of leadership effectiveness. Physical traits such as height, mental traits such as intelligence, and social traits such as personality attributes were all subjects of empirical research In an important review of the leadership literature published in 1948, Ralph Stogdill concluded that the existing research had not demonstrated the utility of the trait approach. Finally, early trait research did not consider the impact of situational variables that might moderate the relationship between leader traits and measures of leader effectiveness. As a result of the lack of consistent findings linking individual traits to leadership effectiveness, empirical studies of leader traits were largely abandoned in the 1950s. Douglas McGregors x and y theory: His Theory X and Theory Y was detailed in The Human Side of Enterprise, published in 1960. What is it? Essentially Theory X and Theory Y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. Managers can be said to follow either view of their workforce. Theory X is often said to describe a traditional view of direction and control. Theory Y implies a more self directed workforce that takes an interest in the goals of their organisation and integrates some of their own goals into these. Theory X Theory X assumes that: The average person dislikes work and will avoid it unless directly supervised. Employees must be coerced, controlled and directed to ensure that organisational objectives are met. The threat of punishment must exist within an organisation. In fact people prefer to be managed in this way so that they avoid responsibility. Theory X assumes that people are relatively unambitious and their prime driving force is the desire for security. Theory Y Theory Y effectively takes the opposite view. It assumes that: Employees are ambitious, keen to accept greater responsibility and exercise both self-control and direction. Employees will, in the right conditions, work toward organisational objectives and that commitment will in itself be a reward for so doing. Employees will exercise their imagination and creativity in their jobs if given the chance and this will give an opportunity for greater productivity. Theory Y assumes that the average human being will, under the right conditions, not only accept responsibility but also seek more. Lack of ambition and the qualities of Theory X are not inherent human characteristics but learned in working environments that suffocate or do not promote Theory Y behaviours. BEHAVIOR THEORIES Partially as a result of the disenchantment with the trait approach to leadership that occurred by the beginning of the 1950s, the focus of leadership research shifted away from leader traits to leader behaviors. The premise of this stream of research was that the behaviors exhibited by leadersare more important than their physical, mental, or emotional traits. The two most famous behavioural leadership studies took place at Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s and 1950s. These studies sparked hundreds of other leadership studies and are still widely cited. The Ohio State studies utilized the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), administering it to samples of individuals in the military, manufacturing companies, college administrators, and student leaders. The conclusion of the Michigan studies was that an employee orientation and general instead of close supervision yielded better results. Likert eventually developed four systems of man agement based on these studies; he advocated System 4 (the participative- group system, which was the most participatory set of leader behaviors) as resulting in the most positive outcomes. LEADERSHIP GRID BY ROBERT BLAKE AND JANE MOUTON One concept based largely on the behavioural approach to leadership effectiveness was the Managerial (or Leadership) Grid, developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton. The grid combines concern for production with concern for people and presents five alternative behavioural styles of leadership. An individual who emphasized neither production was practicing impoverished management according to the grid. If a person emphasized concern for people and placed little emphasis on production, he was terms a country-club manager. Conversely, a person who emphasized a concern for production but paid little attention to the concerns of subordinates was a task manager. A person whotried to balance concern for production and concern for people was termed a middle-of-the-road manager. Finally, an individual who was able to simultaneously exhibit a high concern for production and a high concern for people was practicing team management. According to the prescriptions of the grid, team management was the best leadership approach. The Managerial Grid became a major consulting tool and was the basis for a considerable amount of leadership training in the corporate world. CONTINGENCY (SITUATIONAL) THEORIES Contingency or situational theories of leadership propose that the organizational or work group context affects the extent to which given leader traits and behaviors will be effective. Contingency theories gained prominence in the late 1960s and 1970s. Four of the more well-known contingency theories are Fiedlers contingency theory, path-goal theory, the Vroom-Yetton-Jago decision- making model of leadership, and the situational leadership theory. Each of these approaches to leadership is briefly described in the paragraphs that follow. Introduced in 1967, Fiedlers contingency theory was the first to specify how situational factors interact with leader traits and behavior to influence leadership effectiveness. The theory suggests that the favorability of the situation determines the effectiveness of taskand person-oriented leader behavior. Favorability is determined by (1) the respect and trust that followers have for the leader; (2) the extent to which subordinates responsibilities can be structured and performance measured; and (3) the control the leader has over subordinates rewards. Fiedlers contingency theory has been criticized on both conceptual and methodological grounds There are five types of leader decision-making styles, which are labeled AI, AII, CI, CII, and G. These styles range from strongly autocratic (AI), to strongly democratic (G). According to the theory, the appropriate style is determined by answers to up to eight diagnostic questions, which relate to such contingency factors as the importance of decision quality, the structure of the problem, whether subordinates have enough information to make a quality decision, and the importance of subordinate commitment to the decision. TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORIES and CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP Beginning in the 1970s, a number of leadership theories emerged that focused on the importance of a leaders charisma to leadership effectiveness. Included within this class of theories are Houses theory of charismatic leadership, Basss transformational leadership theory, and Conger and Kanungos charismatic leadership theory. These theories have much in common. They all focus on attempting to explain how leaders can accomplish extraordinary things against the odds, such as turning around a failing company, founding a successful company, or achieving great military success against incredible odds. By contrast, transformational leadership focuses on developing mutual trust, fostering the leadership abilities of others, and setting goals that go beyond the short-term needs of the work group. Basss transformational leadership theory identifies four aspects of effective leadership, which include charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulation, and consideration. Tannenbaum and Schmidts leadership continuum: Leadership occurs when a person tries to influence another persons or groups way of behaving regardless of the cause. Every time a person tries to influence another persons behaviour, this person becomes a potential leader, but the person whose behaviour is attempted changed becomes a potential recipient (irrespective of whether this person is the chief, a colleague, a friend, a group orà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦).Leadership style is not about how leaders think they behave but about how their recipients perceive the leaders behaviour. Robert Tannenbaum and Warren H. Schmidt were some of the first to make use of the situational approach to leadership. In their proposal, the leader chooses from seven possible continuums of leadership behaviour, depending on the situation and the relations between the leader and the employees, is as follows: 1. Leader allows followers to function within the limits defined by a superior. 2. Leader defines limits; the group is encouraged to make decisions. 3. Leader presents problem. Receives suggestions and makes decision. 4. Leader presents preliminary decisions, which may be changed. 5. Leader presents ideas and encourages questions. 6. Leader sells decisions. 7. Leader makes a decision and announces it. The above points the dimensions in the continuums of leadership behaviour constitute: Democratic or relation-based behaviour Authoritarian or task-related behaviour Task-oriented behaviour is often perceived as authoritarian leadership behaviour from the viewpoint that the leader tells the employee what needs to be done and how to do it. This leadership behaviour is based on the view of humanity called Theory X in which the leader perceives the employees as independent and lazy. Relation-based leadership behaviour is often perceived as democratic leadership behaviour from a view of humanity called theory Y where employees contribute independently and creatively to task performance. Tannenbaum-Schmidt model has excluded the Laissez-faire leadership continuum where employees are free to do whatever they want. According to Tannenbaum-Schmidt, it is not a leadership continuum when each employee is free to do what he pleases without the influence of the leadership or other employees. TASK 1: (b) Trait Theory Assumptions: People are born with inherited traits. Some traits are particularly suited to leadership. People who make good leaders have the right (or sufficient) combination of traits. Contingency theory Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. Several contingency approaches were developed concurrently in the late 1960s. They suggested that previous theories such as Webers bureaucracy and Taylors scientific management had failed because they neglected that management style and organizational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment: the contingency factors. There could not be one best way for leadership or organization. TASK 2: (a) STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPURTUNITIES, TREATS OF MANCHESTER FOOTBALL CLUB Analysis of the Company The SWOT Analysis is possibly the most popular instrument utilized in strategic planning and organizational problem solving. SWOT indicates the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of a firm. The derivation of the SWOT contraction, nonetheless, is difficult to understand. Coyles and Gokey (2002) affirmed that the Harvard Business School scholars were utilizing the notion in the 1960s. On the contrary, Turner (2002) presents the growth of the SWOT Analysis perception. (S)trengths The major strength of Manchester United is their brand consciousness, Manchester United is exceptionally recognized globally, and if advertised as the national team with international sponsors. This consequently implies that any merchandise that they put in the market, with the team name and emblem will be immediately identified by their fans which could arrive to a million. Nevertheless, the team requires guaranteeing that they are still focused on what there fans and the consumers wish for. By reason of having the great fan base, ticket sales is also considered as strength for Manchester United, as there is a big waiting list for passes for every match, and with the new expanded arena, the income of ticket sales is bound to increase over the coming years. (W)eaknesses The major weakness that has been identified based on their website is their products and product variety. It is obvious that they have introduced a lot of diverse products at numerous different occasions. There is an issue though whether the fans were consulted in this context. It seems that MU has introduced a broad variety of products from jerseys to Credit Cards Another weakness for Manchester United is that currently, the club has been so flourishing, and it is now working on such a huge level, there is a distressing estimation that the club has now lost its origins, and it is no longer concerned with the game of football, but all about proceeds. Unconstructive outlooks such as this can have a harmful effect on the fans. (O)pportunities The key opportunity for Manchester United at the moment is the penetration to the American market. There is an opportunity in the proximate future to structure the coalition with one of the worlds most well-off team in sports, the New York Yankees. This will signal enormous merchandise channels in America, and provide Manchester United the lead over all other Football teams in the American context, presenting their product to a new market. (T)hreats Manchester United is in a very firm site, as they have no direct dangers from any players in the industry. There is a huge breach connecting Manchester United and the subsequent strongest competitor. Nonetheless, there are a number of dangers to Manchester United that has to be taken into account. A threat to Manchester United at present is the Change of leadership in the teamThe club slid from a position as one of the top clubs in the UK in 1970 to a status of mediocrity in 1996.In 1996, Francis Lee, a former player of the club, took over as chairman. He recognised the need for stability and structure. TASK 2: (b) SOCIAL SKILLS Here are a few basic attributes of a socially successful person that are worth discussing: Confidence They display confidence in themselves and successfully execute the projects they lead. Friendliness They are friendly to everyone, not to just a select few, displaying a genuine sense of care and concern for others. Appearance They make sure their hygiene, apparel, and proper body movement is always acceptable. Trustworthy They can be depended upon both with personal exchanges and with projects. Organized Their organizational skills are second nature and displayed in all activities. Self-control They handle themselves well when emotional issues arise. Acceptance They extend love and forgiveness to everyone, even difficult people and those that differ from them. Fun They make life fun. Space They respect others privacy and choices. Its never too late to improve your social skills. The first step is to honestly examine yourself and admit you need to improve yourself in deficient areas. Like anything else in this world, there have been many books written on the subject. I highly recommend John C. Maxwells book entitled Be a People Person. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS This area has to do with interaction with others. In theory, people who have a high interpersonal intelligence tend to be extroverts, characterized by their sensitivity to others moods, feelings, temperaments and motivations, and their ability to cooperate in order to work as part of a group. They communicate effectively and empathize easily with others, and may be either leaders or followers. They typically learn best by working with others and often enjoy discussion and debate. Careers that suit those with this intelligence include sales, politicians, managers, teachers and social workers. LINGUISTIC SKILLS This area has to do with words, spoken or written. People with high verbal-linguistic intelligence display a facility with words and languages. They are typically good at reading, writing, telling stories and memorizing words along with dates. They tend to learn best by reading, taking notes, listening to lectures, and by discussing and debating about what they have learned. Those with verbal-linguistic intelligence learn foreign languages very easily as they have high verbal memory and recall, and an ability to understand and manipulate syntax and structure. Careers that suit those with this intelligence include writers, lawyers, policemen, philosophers, journalists, politicians, poets and teachers. COMMUNICATION SKILLS I would like to suggest nine key skills and principles that, if adopted, would improve your communication skills immediately. They are: Ask more questions, make fewer statements Be specific, not vague Use the affirmative, not negated language Objective thinking Focus on the future not the past Use pleasure/ pain consequences Distinguish between long term v short term consequence Map out their ideas on paper Protect the self image TASK 2: (c) DEVOLOPING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGERIAL SKILLS To a large extent the survival and continued success of any business depends upon owners and managers having a combination of leadership savvy, good judgement based on knowledge and information and a reasonable ability to steer a business in the right direction. This need becomes considerably more important when a company is on the verge of expanding. Therefore, before you commit yourself to starting or expanding a business, first commit yourself to learning and in the very least recognizing the personal leadership and management skills needed to initiate and sustain profitable company growth. BECOMING A MORE EFFECTIVE LEADER Choose competent subordinates Demonstrate high moral standards Exude Charisma Inspire others Take action: When faced with a crisis, effective leaders dont just sit around and twiddle their thumbs. They solve the problem themselves or get someone who can. Understand the penalty of leadership Use your imagination to solve problems Wander around frequently Work hard BECOMING A MORE EFFECTIVE MANAGER Actively listen to customers and workers Attend parties Clarify employee responsibilities Deal with unexcused absences immeadiatly Demand accountability Criticize positively Know how to delegate responsibilities to trained and qualified people Know how to handle stress Know how to fire employees Make sure each employee has only one supervisor Reward appropriate behaviours and results Conclusion Manchester is in a very competitive spot at present, nonetheless they require to be cautious that they are not getting self-satisfied and that they are focusing on the market, and the requirements of their clients and followers. By implementing the research into their markets, it will allow them to build up products for the clients, which will bring about sustained support from the fans and success.

sped2 :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a classroom teacher there will always be problems with some students. These problems can be caused by outside sources, such as family problems, or perhaps the student might have a learning disability that hasn't been brought to anyone's attention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Students show in many ways that they are having difficulties in class. Generally, students won't come to you and ask for help when they are having a hard time. Most of these students are more withdrawn from the classroom. One telltale sign is they aren't doing their homework, and when you ask them why, they make excuses or refuse to do it altogether. Since they are not doing their homework regularly, their test and quiz grades will drop as well. These are typical warning signs that there is something not quite right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before sending a child for formal review, there is prereferral intervention. This intervention is designed to create a solution within the classroom without having to go through the formal review process. Some students have learning and behavior problems that can be solved by modifying teaching methods in the classroom. The process of prereferral intervention has four steps. First, you need to specifically identify the problem. It is important to look for any patterns in the recurrence of the problem. If it only happens after recess/lunch, or during a certain subject matter, that can be easily solved with extra help or tutoring. Once the problem has been found, a plan involving classroom modifications can be developed to help the student. When the plans have been executed, the teacher evaluates its effectiveness. This evaluation also includes a plan in case any problems recur in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These classroom modifications may solve any problems your student may have. If they continue within the 6-8 week period, it is important to continue on to a formal referral using the child-study team.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process that follows the identification of a possible disability is formal referral. Unlike prereferral intervention, you must follow IDEA guidelines for formal referrals to ensure a fair process. You have 15 days to complete your formal referral, with filling out all of the necessary forms and establishing contact with the appropriate people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formal referral involves the collaboration of many staff members. Some of these staff members include: general educators, administrators, therapists, counselors, and special education teachers. In addition, the parents and student are also key members of this team. sped2 :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a classroom teacher there will always be problems with some students. These problems can be caused by outside sources, such as family problems, or perhaps the student might have a learning disability that hasn't been brought to anyone's attention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Students show in many ways that they are having difficulties in class. Generally, students won't come to you and ask for help when they are having a hard time. Most of these students are more withdrawn from the classroom. One telltale sign is they aren't doing their homework, and when you ask them why, they make excuses or refuse to do it altogether. Since they are not doing their homework regularly, their test and quiz grades will drop as well. These are typical warning signs that there is something not quite right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before sending a child for formal review, there is prereferral intervention. This intervention is designed to create a solution within the classroom without having to go through the formal review process. Some students have learning and behavior problems that can be solved by modifying teaching methods in the classroom. The process of prereferral intervention has four steps. First, you need to specifically identify the problem. It is important to look for any patterns in the recurrence of the problem. If it only happens after recess/lunch, or during a certain subject matter, that can be easily solved with extra help or tutoring. Once the problem has been found, a plan involving classroom modifications can be developed to help the student. When the plans have been executed, the teacher evaluates its effectiveness. This evaluation also includes a plan in case any problems recur in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These classroom modifications may solve any problems your student may have. If they continue within the 6-8 week period, it is important to continue on to a formal referral using the child-study team.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process that follows the identification of a possible disability is formal referral. Unlike prereferral intervention, you must follow IDEA guidelines for formal referrals to ensure a fair process. You have 15 days to complete your formal referral, with filling out all of the necessary forms and establishing contact with the appropriate people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formal referral involves the collaboration of many staff members. Some of these staff members include: general educators, administrators, therapists, counselors, and special education teachers. In addition, the parents and student are also key members of this team.

James Marcia Identity Achievement

Amy Striker Child Psychology 04/11/2013 Finding Your Way Through Identity Crisis Do you remember being a high school and being overwhelmed with all the choices of colleges, majors, occupations etc.? This seems to be the most confusing time of an adolescent’s life and one they will never forget, however what most don’t realize is that there is not just a point that we are all grown up. Instead, there is a very long process and it takes a lot of effort. James Marcia delved beyond Erik Erikson’s stage of identity achievement and created four different levels of this achievement.These levels were distinguished by crisis and commitment. Crisis is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternative, while commitment is personal investment in identity (Marcia, 2003). Identity achievement is obtained when an individual searches for different alternatives, explores those alternatives and makes a commitment to one of the choices . When one is identity achieved they have explored different ideals, occupations, and political views. From the exploration of each, the adolescent finds what they feel they most relate to and commit to those views and ideas.Achievement is also associated with advanced reasoning ability seems that adolescents and adults who can take multiple perspectives on themselves and others also have a ? rmer and more ? exible sense of who they are. For this reason, successful individuals have higher intimacy in their relationships. They are able to commit and feel confident that they will be able to understand their partner’s point of view without having to change their own. However, they have to adapt and understand their own viewpoints while at the same time not experiencing the levels of despair found in less cognitively sophisticated people (Marcia 2003).Moratorium occurs when there is a crisis being faced but no commitment has yet been made. During this phase comes the process of m aking standards for ourselves. Adolescents often express a conflict between their own needs and parental values, and between desire and fear of consequences. In the midst of moratorium, anxiety is likely to be the highest of all the stages, the reason being there is far more uncertainty and pressure residing in the need to make a choice that will change the course of one’s life and career (Marcia 1966).High school students and college students are normally found in this stage. After an individual has reached this stage however, they will very unlikely be going back to foreclosure or diffusion. Foreclosure is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis. This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.A Foreclosure unquestioningly accepted the standards (usually pa rental) with which she had been brought up, and when pressured by a significant other or their own impulses, clung to rules and authority to guide actions. Those individuals whose entire family is in a particular field may be in this group when they graduate high school and upon their freshman year may begin to go to the way of moratorium, for they are able to explore different ideals in a parent free setting. Diffusion is the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.Not only are they undecided about occupational and ideological choices, they are also likely to show little interest in such matters. Those who are in the diffusion category are often weary about their life equilibrium being disrupted, they see themselves as the way they are and they are afraid of making changes. These individuals may go into a career office, scoff at the results of their aptitude tests and never end up researching into those ideas as an individual in the morat orium stage would.Difficulty in reaching identity achievement may also come from an avoidance of facing external or internal conflicts that will disrupt our equilibrium that we were comfortable. Ways in which some cope with conflicts may be with assimilation or accommodation. Reacting with assimilation involves interpreting new information according to the schemes, or patterns of thought, we already possess. Someone may use assimilation when they are afraid of changing their major when they are not doing very well perhaps because they are in the foreclosure category and are worried their parents will be disappointed if they do not follow in their footsteps.This person may assimilate by working harder and harder even if they do not get joy in the end. Accommodation involves changing our schemes, or patterns of thought, to better fit with new information. In this case, the student would recognize that he is working hard and isn’t succeeding, but then looking into other majors t hat may suit his skills better, understanding that he needs to create his own identity instead of necessarily following his parents’ occupations. (Kroger 2007). Culture a collective concept providing a common frame of reference for a human group to make sense of reality.Culture is not a stable set of beliefs or values that reside inside individuals but it is located in society, in patterns of practices, ideas, institutions, products and artifacts. As cultural content changes, so do the self-concepts and psychological functions that mediate that culture (Markus & Kitayama, 2010). Adolescents often share daily experiences, hold common values, and face common challenges. A coherent sense of identity supported by agency and self-direction is required to be successful in one's occupational and social life in the United States and other unstructured western societies (Markus 2010). In Western cultures, adolescents are often allowed more freedom in discovering life choices in ideolo gy, careers, and societal interactions. While some adolescents have an easy time figuring out what they want to do with their lives and what their core ideals our, others feel at a loss. Because there is no definite answer and such an excess of possibilities, they may want to sit out of the decision process for as long as possible. This is not beneficial for them and is a consequence of our post-modern cultural goals.Goals that are held to such importance often causes increased stress those children are not ready to deal with. Ways in which to help with these difficulties may be for a counselor to meet with each and every student, once and if it is evident that a child has no idea what they want to do with life, meet with those children on a separate occasion. Parental involvement also play a vital role in the decision making process. Since there are different attachment styles, there cannot be an evaluation of what type of parental involvement is necessary for all children.Just as every child has a different way of making these decisions; parents have different comfort levels of involvement as well. However, it is still essential a parent does not force their ideals and occupation choices onto their children in an authoritative manner; for their children will have an impossible time exploring alternatives if they are frightened they will be scolded when taking their own path. In addition, our culture is often pessimistic about certain careers, causing a child who really feels that that is the career or them to instead choose what their parents want or some other popular occupational choice. Regarding pessimism towards ideals and politics, a person whose parents strictly prohibit all homosexuality may be less likely to stand up for what they believe because they fear negative sanctions from society. Currently, this issue is being addressed by many people coming together to share their own views, making it a simpler task of addressing these alternative ideals. In this way, the excess of possibilities is not as problematic in the discovering of one’s identity.Religion though, is a different story; parents in our culture and around the world expect their children to retain the religion they were centered in. A failure to do so is viewed as disrespect. Seeing that America is a melting pot of cultures, a family strives to maintain their culture for many generations, and waning from the path prevents this cultural harmony. Similarly, it is difficult in our culture to change political views when a family’s viewpoints have been quite close minded.From experience, if a father is republican, they are weary when their son or daughter develops democratic views that oppose their own. Upon discovering such information, parents may say such things as â€Å"I did not raise my children to grow up a liberal† or â€Å"with those views you are taking away all my hard earned money†, sayings that attempt to force the individual to temporarily adapt to their parents demands. Although culture is more far reaching, adolescents spend the most time within their family’s culture, leaving the biggest mark on their identity.Technology holds an important role in post modernism. With technology, individuals who are going through the identity achievement process have many resources at their disposal. They are able to look into different careers with information on the internet being readily available. However, for some adolescents this causes an increase in anxiety because there are again so many choices, and the fear of making the wrong choice deters them from looking. The benefits of technology though, outweigh the cons for there are hundreds of academic sites that are at our disposal for discovering our identity.Cell phones, although sometimes too readily available, allow individuals to feel as if they are more accepted and emotionally supported by many different people at the same time. This aspect is importa nt to identity achievement for when one feels as if they do not have anyone who is emotionally attached to them, they may feel lost and have a more difficult time finding themselves. In counseling, Knowing about how adolescents can more easily go from diffusion to identity achievement can help a counselor make things a bit easier by suggesting ways of going about finding their calling.Also, parents must have a way in which to hear about how perhaps their children may need different outlets to find out what interests them. A counselor for an adolescent who is striving to find their self-definition must discover ways in which to facilitate the motivation aspect of wanting to be identity achieved. A beneficial discussion would be in self-esteem, social relationships and anxiety levels. In addition, just hearing the client talk about who they feel they are, can help them make a major discovery.Research tactics in counseling that would benefit discovery, may be discovering defense tactic s to prevent regression from identity achieved state to diffusion. Those who have many conflicts that they feel as if they cannot overcome may have lowered self-efficacy as well as having regressed, causing them to not be motivated to try new things (Kroger 2000). They see themselves as already trying many different things, failing when they made a commitment, and not wanting to look into other alternatives that they may also fail at.Some adolescents who go to counseling may feel as if their parents’ divorce or another family event has hindered their ability to progress through achievement. These individuals would benefit greatly from counseling only if they are not focusing solely on the problems caused by divorce but ways in which they are not at fault, allowing a feeling of freedom to find their own self. After this realization by these certain individuals, multiple sessions discussing ways in which they can get involved and discover different fields of occupation and idea ls may greatly help their identity achievement path.In addition to these circumstances, those in moratorium are often seen by counselors. When in the moratorium stage there is a greater feeling of anxiety from the uncertainty of the future and stress of making a decision. In a counseling setting, there is a person who is able to be nonattached and give an honest opinion, something that a moratorium individual may have a hard time finding in their daily life. Counseling is the most beneficial for adolescents when they are in their senior year of high school and their freshman year of college.From personal experience observing others, I have found that an individual in senior year feels as if they have reached identity achievement. They have job shadowed during the summer, talked to different teachers and friends about occupation choices and been to see their academic counselor to discuss any problems with their decision. What I see happening to many students is, when they get into th at major, they feel as if they do not want disappoint themselves or their parents if they do not feel like it was the right choice.Although there are many people that they see have changed their paths, the thought of themselves not making the right choice in the beginning frightens them. After all, they may have put forth a lot of effort to find the major they thought was their destiny. These students in particular are the most at risk for regressing from identity achievement to moratorium and perhaps back to diffusion. A counselor’s importance in this point in time is to make the student feel more calmly about changing their major; that it will not upset any other people and if it does the counselor is there to diffuse the situation.Identity achievement is not an easy accomplishment, it is one that takes immense action, contemplation and the biggest decision an adolescent has made so far in their life. Just as there are many ways in which to facilitate the identity achieveme nt process, there are the same about of ways to hinder it. The individual has the ball in their court and it is up to them to make a move or stay where they are in development. uccessful achievement of identity is a requirement of maturity, for within the achieved status, one must have control over their emotions, a need for intimacy, regarding friendship or marriage, be comfortable with their happiness and know what ways they can foster their own development. Counseling is beneficial when a crisis has been experienced and the adolescent is weighing their different options. When an individual has achieved identity and feels confident with most aspects of their being, they are very unlikely to regress.The older one is the less likely regression will occur. References Kroger, J. (2000). Ego identity status research in the new millennium. International Journal Of Behavioral Development, 24(2), 145-148. doi:10. 1080/016502500383250 Kroger, J. (2007). Why is identity achievement so elusi ve? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(4),  331-348. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558. doi:10. 1037/h0023281 Marcia, J. E. (2003).Treading Fearlessly: A Commentary on Personal Persistence, Identity Development, and Suicide. Monographs Of The Society For Research In Child Development, 68(2), 131-138. doi:10. 1111/1540-5834. 00257 Markus, H. R. , ; Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5,420430. doi 10. 1177/1745691610375557 Anthins, K. (2011). 7 clues to identity achievement. Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/who-am-i/201108/7-clues-identity-achievement-part-1. d

Chiral Center Definition in Chemistry

Chiral Center Definition in Chemistry Chiral Center Definition A chiral center is defined as an atom in a molecule that is bonded to four different chemical species, allowing for optical isomerism. It is a stereocenter that holds a set of atoms (ligands) in space such that the structure may not be superimposed on its mirror immage. Chiral Center Examples The central carbon in serine is a chiral carbon. The amino group and hydrogen can rotate about the carbon. While chiral centers in organic chemistry tend to be carbon atoms, other common atoms include phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur. Metal atoms may also serve as chiral centers. Sources Mislow, Kurt; Siegel, Jay (1984). Stereoisomerism and local chirality. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 106 (11): 3319. doi:10.1021/ja00323a043Solomons, T. W. Graham; Fryhle, Craig (2004).  Organic Chemistry  (8th ed.). John Wiley Sons.

The Mirrors of Macbeth †Literature Essay

The Mirrors of Macbeth – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers The Mirrors of Macbeth Literature Essay Different types of literature obviously focus on elements such as plot, setting, and character development. In dramatic literature the focus is on a character’s words and the dialogue the author employs to develop that character. In Elizabethan times this was particularly important as such stage devices as props, costumes, and sets were minimally used. In the play, Macbeth, Shakespeare creates a protagonist whose words not only mirror himself but also reflect the two characters who influence him the most. In first thinking about killing Duncan, Macbeth’s attitude is quite clearly shown in a soliloquy. The audience is quite aware of the guilt that Macbeth is feeling simply thinking about the murder: â€Å"If it were done when tis done, then t’were well if it were done quickly.† (p.57) In these lines Shakespeare, by no accident, does not have Macbeth actually use words such as â€Å"kill†, â€Å"murder†, or â€Å"slaughter. â€Å" Instead, Macbeth refers to death in this speech as â€Å"it†, and , later on, as â€Å"the deed.† (p. 79) Further in the soliloquy two other, softer words, â€Å"surcease,† and, â€Å"assassination,† are used to show the audience that Macbeth cannot deal with even the thought of killing Duncan let alone the action. It is ironic that Macbeth never realises himself that if he cannot say the word, he is likely not ready to carry out the action the word describes! Macbeth’s words are not only a reflection of his guilt, but also his words reflect that of his wife. It is no secret to the audience that Lady Macbeth has power over her husband. So much so, that her words are echoed by Macbeth later on in the play. In Act 3 as Macbeth is trying to convince the murderers of killing Banquo and Fleance, the protagonist questions the murderers manhood: [First Murderer]: We are men, my liege. [Macbeth]: Ay, in the catalogue ye go for men; As hounds, and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs, Shoughs, water-rugs, an demi-wolves. (p. 117) In these lines Macbeth compares the men to dogs hardly a flattering remark. These lines mimic the strategy that Lady Macbeth used in Act 1 to convince Macbeth to go through with the murder of Duncan: â€Å"Art thou afeard to be the same in thine own act and valour as thou art in desire? Woulds’t thou live a coward?† (p. 59) It is quite clear that Lady Macbeth’s strategy of questioning Macbeth’s masculinity is curiously similar to Macbeth strategy when he tries to convince the murderers. Lady Macbeth’s influence on her husband is paralleled by the three witches. The words of the three â€Å"weird sisters† are reflected in Macbeth’s words; in fact, the influence the witches have on Macbeth is so powerful, the audience is exposed to it even before the two meet: â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen.† (p. 23). In these lines Macbeth almost word for word repeats the witches’ lines in the first scene of the play: â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair† (p.9). Once again, the words which Shakespeare puts into the mouth of Macbeth are not the protagonist’s, but rather the words are often echoed from those characters who influence him most. Having a character reflect his personality in the words he utters is not a amazing feat by Shakespeare. Revealing the influence of Lady Macbeth and the witches on Macbeth through his dialogue is, though, quite sophisticated. Questioning his recent promotion to Cawdor, Macbeth says,†Can the devil speak true?† (p.27 ). The audience watching Macbeth should be asking themselves the question, â€Å"Can Macbeth speak true?† because throughout the play Macbeth’s lines are often first paralleled by the witches and Lady Macbeth. Had Macbeth listened to his own lines perhaps he would have never gone through with his evil â€Å"deed.† apfeiffer@sd19.bc.ca Research Papers on The Mirrors of Macbeth - Literature EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Fifth HorsemanRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is Art

Animal Rights Style and Subsrance An Assesment Essay

Animal Rights Style and Subsrance An Assesment - Essay Example Why Worry About the Animals (Elshtain, 1995, pp 424-432). There is no doubt that the writer is morally opposed to the 'use and abuse' of animals and uses this piece to appeal on a deeply emotional level. This is made immediately apparent by the list of 'factual' information she presents - which succeeds at once in horrifying and shocking the reader. Rational analysis suggests this could be interpreted as a misrepresentation of references, as the statements stand alone without contextual support. However, they do signal intent and are backed up by the use of the words of an 'expert witness', biologist John E. McArdle (McArdle as cited in Elshtain) The philosophical references to Descarte and Kant, and to Western rationalism are a form of 'post hoc ergo propter hoc', used to affect the emotions and coupled with grisly visual imagery. No matter how a reader thinks, words such as "confine, cripple, infect or dismember animals in the interest of human knowledge.." (Elshtain, 425) are emotionally loaded and very persuasive. Historical information regarding the growth of animal welfare groups and the inclusion of feminist connections add weight to the argument in favor of abandoning practices that harm animals. This is supported by facts on animal suffering in various situations, ranging from factory farming to radiation, from laboratory conditions to the LD50 testing for household products' toxicity. Personal anecdotal material is used to express the writer's view; her own experience as a polio victim, the visit to the slaughterhouse are both emotional issues and images which are rationalized to contribute to the stance that, "We humans do not deserve peace of min on this issue. "Our sleep should be troubled and our days riddled with ethical difficulties." (Elshtain 431) The writer continues with more horrifying detail, to the Us vs Them discourse, by appealing to the reader as one of those 'reasonable people' who would not let this state of affairs continue. This is a powerful and personal piece of writing, incorporating plenty of factual material, posing the moral argument emotionally, and ultimately disturbing, while appealing to the basic ethical desire to do no harm to any living creature. The Moral Case for Experimentation on Animals. H. J. McCloskey (1987) The article opens like a courtroom speech from a few hundred years ago; it appears as a structured defense of a concept that will be proved unquestionably innocent and right. As such, it comes across as rhetorically authoritative and sets out to convince the reader that "the moral caserests both on the goods to be realized, the evils to be avoided thereby, and on the duty to respect persons and to secure them in their natural and moral rights." (McCloskey 1987, 458) By constant repetition of words such as 'prima facie' 'persons' and 'justification' the writer establishes authority, apparently in the fields of law, ethics, medicine and the treatment of animals, not to mention philosophy as a whole. By his detailed explanation of the morally correct way to treat experimental animals, he appears to be equivocating when he

The Schengen Agreement and Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Schengen Agreement and Migration - Essay Example This initiated the first step of the dialogue. The next issue discussed was whether this should be applied to people who were outside this European Community. The movement gained momentum when some of the countries decided to push ahead with the proposal and eliminate these borders. (Hiroyuki Tanaka and Trinidad Macias, 2007) The Benelux countries which included Belgium, Luxemborg and Netherlands had already initiated the process of having a common passport much before the idea of Schengen originated. This was formed as early as the 1970’s. France and Germany furthered strengthened their cross border treaties by signing a bilateral agreement in 1984 which decided to do away with the cross border checks. (Gelatt Julia, 2005) This was borne by the protests initiated by truck drivers who were not happy with the long procedural delays these checks were taking. To further strengthen the agreement a number of countries like France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium signed the first agreement on June 14, 1985 at Schengen. It was decided to do away with the passports and other red tape including procedural delays which hampered free movement. The process that began in Schengen was considered as a sort of beginning for greater co-ordination between further member states of the European Union so that the idea that was generated in Schengen could be expanded to the whole of the EU. (Kazmierkiewicz, 2005) Source: Hiroyuki Tanaka and Trinidad Macias, 2007, Schengen Member States The Schengen area further consolidated its intentions by eliminating the need for border checks on both travellers from the member countries and also relaxing these norms for visitors from outside the Schengen area. However there was a need for careful monitoring the people who was allowed free access in the Schengen area. The Schengen Convention was further ratified by France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Germany in 1990. (Bertozzi Stefano, 2008) Several key decisions were taken in this convention. The terms and conditions for the issuance of short term visas for less than 90 days were outlined. It also laid out the policies for the travel of people across the Schengen region. Movement of people who intended to stay on for more than 90 days were provided with long term visas. Internal border checks were done away with but external borders were still subjected to the principles of national legislation.( Gelatt Julia, 2005) The Schengen roped in further countries. In 1990 Italy joined in while Portugal entered into the fray 1991. Spain joined next in 1992 supported by Austria in 1995. Finland, Sweden and Denmark completed the formalities of joining in 1996. (Hiroyuki Tanaka and Trinidad Macias, 2007) An interesting facet to this agreement was that although Norway and Iceland were not members of the EU, it supported and became a member to enhance the sanctity of the union. The membership of Denmark into the Union however came with a rider. They could fe el free to agree or disagree with decisions that were made from time to time in the Schengen Agreements. Schengen Information System The Schengen Conv